Hello guys :)
i'll explain you about summary in my english book

so.. this is an UNIT 1
in this Unit, explain about "Greeting and Leave taking"
what's Greeting? Leave taking?

GREETING 

Greeting is an act of communication in which human beings (as well as other animals) intentionally make their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other. While greeting customs are highly culture- and situation-specific and may change within a culture depending on social status and relationship, they exist in all known human cultures. Greetings can be expressed both audibly and physically, and often involve a combination of the two. This topic excludes military and ceremonial salutes but includes rituals other than gestures.

Greetings are often, but not always, used just prior to a conversation.

Some epochs and cultures have had very elaborate greeting rituals, e.g., greeting of a king.

by : www.wikipedia.com

EXAMPLE :

Formal greetings :

Good Morning -> Good Morning

How are you? -> Fine,thanks

How do you do? -> How do you do

Informal Greetings :

Hi/hello -> Hi/hello

How are things -> Fine/great

How are you? -> Fantastic

LEAVE TAKING

Face blind people sometimes have difficulty ending a social encounter. There is actually a graceful way to do that, but for those who can't always read the expressions of others well, we may miss when people are taking their leave, or we may have never learned how to do that ourselves.

We all know of the house visitor who we literally have to push out the door, or the afternoon companion who is tougher to get rid of than a wad of gum on the bottom of our shoe. This situation arises because one or both of the people do not know how people take their leave. The lack of this knowledge can bring one to a point where one shuns social contact altogether, because ending each encounter is so frustrating.

It takes two to tango, as they say, and a social encounter is a matter which is mutual. It's often easier to start one than end one. Here we address the question: How does one member indicate that the mutuality has come to an end? What does he do to take his leave? Although we may not understand body language or facial expressions that indicate leave-taking, there are actually three words that people use for this purpose. One should learn them:

• Your name. They can say your name for other purposes, such as greeting you or emphasizing a point, but when your name occurs out of the blue, it is leave-taking. Example, "Joe, it's been a fun afternoon."
• Well. Example, "Well, I have some stuff to do."
• Now. Example, "I am going home for dinner now." (The word "now" usually follows mention of another activity.)

When a person takes his leave, the other party is entitled to a short sentence or two to acknowledge the leave-taking, and then the leave-taker to acknowledge that he is in fact taking his leave will utter an even shorter reply:

Tom: I am going to work on my e-mail now.
Joe: Okay, cool. I think I'll go watch TV.
Tom: Catch you later.

Forestalling leave

If a companion is taking his leave, you may forestall it if you state a brief reason to do so. For example:

Tom: I am going home to dinner now.
Joe: Oh, before you go, what time do you want to meet tomorrow?
Tom: Noon would be cool.
Joe: Okay, see you then.
Tom: See ya.

Note that the forestalling (1) acknowledges that leave is being taken ("Oh, before you go") and (2) states the reason briefly immediately thereafter. Note also that forestalling a person's leave a second time is inappropriate. All reasons to do so should be stated the first time.

Note that the word "now" is also used to postpone the initiation of social contact, when it is combined with a designation of a later time for the contact to occur:

Tom: I am trying to get this report out now; let's talk after lunch.
Joe: Okay, see you then.

Leave taking is not an invitation

One should be aware that leave-taking is not an invitation to follow the person taking leave. Don't even ask. If it is an invitation, they will negate the impression that it is leave-taking by including the invitation in the statement:

WRONG:
Tom: I am going home to dinner now.
Joe: I'm hungry too. Can I come along?

RIGHT:
Tom: I am going home to dinner now, would you like to join me?
Joe: Sure!

Note that leave-taking can occur in groups of more than two people:

Tom: Joe, you want to go work on that project with me now?
Joe: Sure!
Bob: See you guys later.
(Tom, by using the word "now", was taking leave. By addressing Joe, he was only taking leave of Bob. Bob should not take this as an invitation to join them.)

UNIT 2

TELL ME THE DETAILS

When you describe something,you need to give sufficient information to make detailed description, so the other can catch the things that you mean. Beside that, once you have some occasions : party or meeting and etc, you have to know well the time, it is absolutely inseparable with our dialy life. we have to know how to tell the time properly. 

1. Number 

- cardinal number

everyday,we cant't be sparted with the use of numbers in doing something. For example, when you areat the airport and waitingfor boarding time,you have to listen carefully to any announcement in order to keep you in schedule. In situation like this,cardinal numbers are commonly used. if you don't know these numbers, you may miss your flight.

-Ordinal numbers

beside the cardinal numbers, we also use ordinal numbers quite often to show order or positionin series instead of quantity.

2. Describing something

when we want to descrbe something,we need to use the adjective. there are some kind of adjective that classify.

UNIT 3

HOW DO YOU DESCRIBE THEM ALL?

1. Describing Someone

when we ask someone's height,weight,age,we usually use the question words 'how' or 'what'. to describe person's height,weight or age, we sometimes have to give the exact measurement.

2. Nationalities

There are many countries,languages and notalities around the world. all country name are unique. they are not similar to language or nationality names. language and nationality names are often,but not always similar.

3. Proffesion

Many kinds of professions you can do based on your qualifications or skill. have you thought what kind of job will you run for later?

UNIT 4

EXPRESSING FEELINGS

feeling is the normalization 'to feel'. it's used to describe the physical sensation of touch through either experience or perception. The word is also used to describe exeriences,other than the physical sensation of touch. Overall, not all of us can express our feeling directly. we usually ezpress what we feel through out attitude. 

1. Expressing regrets and apologies

*for expressing apologies and regrets you can say :

- i'm sorry. i don't know

- i'm terribly sorry. i forget

*for expressing apologies we can say :

- that's all right

- never mind

2.Expressing Sympathy

to express your sympathy, you can use these following expressions

- oh, i'm sorry to hear about that

- oh, that's to bad

- what a shame

3. Expressions3Expressions of Asking and Giving Permissions

if you want to ask permissions, you can use these expressions :

- may i boorow yor pen,please?

-can i use your handphone,please?

4. Expressions of making and responding to request

it's important to be polite when you ask for something. you can make a request by this way :

- can you show me your photo album,please?

- will you lend me your computer,please?

responding to a request :

- Sure,here you are

- okay. 

5. Expressions of making and responding to offers

it is common that english speakers makeoffer in conversation in order to be polite and helpful. when they do so, they use these expressions: 

making offers :

- can i help you?

- shall i turn on the lamp for you?

GRAMMAR FOCUS

1. Modals

Modal verbs are folowed by an infinitive without 'to'

example :

- you must do it

- you should to study harder

2. Adjective -ing vs -ed

if someone or something is -ing it make us -ed

- Ben is amused because the cartoon is amusing

- the cartoon is amusing so Ben is amused (not bne is amusing)

3. Subject and verb Agreement

it is important to identify a subject and use the correct verb with it. subject /verb agreement is: the subject and verb must agree in number : both must be singular, or both must be plural.

example :

- He and his friend are at the fair

- the dictionary or the the calculator is in the drawer

4. Linking verbs

Linking Verbs are wi=ords that are to connect sunject and predicate in a sentence. these are the example of linking verbs : appear,become,feel,get,go,keep and etc

examples: 

-Her Daughter becomes a doctor

-My father grows ols

FINISH ^^